Electronic Craps Machine Odds
2021年1月21日Register here: http://gg.gg/nxypu
Las Vegas isn’t filled with as many low stakes tables these days, nor do they hand out as many comps. It really is a shame because even low rollers should be able to find places to play.
*Electronic Craps Machine Odds Nfl Week 11
*Electronic Craps Machine Odds Genesis Open
*Electronic Craps Machine Odds GameElectronic Craps Machine Odds Nfl Week 11
*You can also enjoy an electronic craps game that features $1 minimum bets and 5x odds. This is great for machine players who want to experience craps away from the table atmosphere. Here are minimum stakes for other games at Santa Fe Station: Baccarat = $10.
*The Palms has either $2 or $3 min with I believe 10x odds and I know Binions has one in the back which is a $1 min but only 2x odds. The nice thing about Binions is that you earn comps at the same rate as slot machines for playing, so you can easily play pass and dont pass, take max evening odds on both, and as soon as a 7 or the point is hit.
This is discouraging to many low rollers. But there are still several casinos that offer low stakes and solid comps.
The Odds is like a side bet in craps made after a point is thrown. It pays if the point is thrown before a seven. The odds on the Odds are exactly fair, which zero house edge. To be specific, the Odds pays 2 to 1 on points of 4 and 10, 3 to 2 on a 5 and 9, and 6 to 5 on a 6 and 8. Therefore the chance of hitting five cherries in a row is 1/5 x 1/5 x 1/5 x 1/5 x 1/5, or 1/3125, or 0.032%. Your odds of winning are better than this, as you can hit five bells, five whistles or five of any other set of symbols, so on this machine your odds of any set of five are actually 5 x 0.032%, or 0.16%. Bubble Craps Machine Strategy is part of the Dice Advice series here on Color Up. This submitted strategy is called the Place Hedge. It is a 10 unit Don’t Pa.
Vegas casinos know that low rollers comprise the bulk of gamblers. In fact, research by the Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Authority shows that Sin City visitors have an average bankroll of $541.
That being said, plenty of casinos in Las Vegas still cater to the low roller. And here are the 7 best Vegas casinos for those on a budget.1 – El Cortez – 600 Fremont Street
El Cortez has become Vegas’ low roller mecca for three reasons:
1 – They have great blackjack.
2 – They have great craps.
3 – Their comps are very generous for low rollers.
You won’t be wowed by the appearance of this casino. But you’ll certainly appreciate the three points mentioned above.
El Cortez has $5 blackjack tables that feature a single deck, 3:2 natural blackjack payouts, and doubling down on any total.
These rules combine to offer an ultra-low 0.30% house edge, which is rare in Vegas – especially when dealing with a $5 game! Just don’t expect to count cards here because the pit bosses watch these tables like hawks.
El Cortez is just as generous with their craps action, where minimum bets are $3. You can back pass line and don’t pass line bets with up to 10x odds, which lowers the house edge to 0.184%.
It is also worth dropping by the El Cortez roulette tables. The minimum bet is $1.
Normally, casinos with low stakes offer next to nothing in comps. But El Cortez again proves to be an anomaly by offering generous rewards through Club Cortez.2 – Boulder Station – 4111 Boulder Highway
Boulder Station is a great all-around low roller destination. Not only do they offer low stakes table games, but also generous payback and comps for machines.
You can play a $3 blackjack game here, which features 6 decks, 3:2 blackjack payouts, and the dealer hitting a soft 17. The house edge is 0.64% at the $3 tables.
The $5 game features 2 decks, 3:2 blackjack payouts, the dealer standing on a soft 17, and late surrender. These rules combine to deliver a 0.40% house edge.
Boulder Station also features the same craps game as El Cortez, where minimum bets are $3 and you can take up to 10x odds.
Where this casino really separates itself is in the video poker department. They have full-pay versions of Deuces Wild (100.76% payback), Joker Wild (100.65%), Double Bonus (100.17%), Loose Deuces Wild (100.15%), and Double Double Bonus (100.07%).
The Station Casinos loyalty program is one of the best in Vegas. It offers 3 points for every $1 wagered on most video poker and slot machines, giving you a 0.30% rebate.
Do note, though, that any machine with over 100% payback only delivers 1 point per $4 wagered.
Boulder Station is a serious rival to El Cortez in the lower roller world. The only areas where Boulder Station trails include the baccarat ($5 minimum) and roulette ($4 minimum) tables.3 – Santa Fe Station – 4949 North Rancho Drive
Santa Fe Station offers a nice mixture of low stakes table games, including blackjack, craps, roulette, and Pai Gow poker.
The blackjack tables feature $5 minimum bets, 2 decks, 3:2 blackjack payouts, the dealer hitting a soft 17, and re-splitting aces. This game features a 0.46% house edge, which is close to the top tables at El Cortez and Boulder Station.
The craps games here feature 10x odds and a $5 minimum wager.
You can also enjoy an electronic craps game that features $1 minimum bets and 5x odds. This is great for machine players who want to experience craps away from the table atmosphere.
Here are minimum stakes for other games at Santa Fe Station:
*Baccarat = $10
*Pai Gow poker = $5
*Roulette = $4
*Three card poker = $5
*Ultimate Texas Hold’em = $5
Santa Fe is part of the Stations Casino network. This means that you can enjoy the same generous loyalty program described in the Boulder Station section.
You can also look forward to the same full-pay video poker machines that are featured at Boulder Station.4 – East Cannery – 5255 Boulder Highway
Easy Cannery is a solid off-Strip casino that offers decent blackjack and craps action.
The minimum blackjack bet is $5, and these tables feature 2 decks, double down on any total, and double down after splitting. The house edge is 0.46% on East Cannery’s $5 blackjack tables.
The craps tables feature a $3 minimum bet with 10x odds, which is the standard for top low roller casinos.
Pai Gow poker players will appreciate the EZ no-commission tables here. These games feature a 2.47% house edge, which is about as good as you’ll find for Pai Gow poker.
The video poker and slot machine action is okay, but nothing to boast about. However, the table game rules and house edges make East Cannery worth a visit.5 – Red Rock Casino – 11011 West Charleston Boulevard
Red Rock is the most-luxurious casino on this list. It features a number of amenities, including a dozen restaurants, 16-screen Movie Theater, giant pool area, and nearby hiking trails.
They aren’t quite as generous with their low stakes gaming action as other Station Casinos properties. But Red Rock offers a nice combination of amenities and low stakes play.
If you don’t mind being away from the Vegas Strip, then Red Rock is definitely worth visiting for resort-minded low rollers.
Red Rock offers a $10 blackjack game with 2 decks, double down on any total, and double down after splitting. These tables feature a 0.46% house edge.
The video poker machines are very good at Red Rock. You can look forward to full-pay versions of Deuces Wild, Double Bonus, Loose Deuces, and Double Double Bonus. You won’t find a high-class resort with better video poker action.
This casino also features a poker room with $2/$4 no-limit Texas hold’em and $5/$10 Omaha.
The craps and roulette tables are okay in terms of minimum bets. But the craps tables only offer up to 5x odds.6 – Texas Station – 2101 Texas Star Lane
Texas Station is the fourth Station Casinos-owned venue to make this list. And Texas Station is here because they offer good low roller blackjack, craps, roulette, and video poker.
This casino features three different blackjack games.
The best is the $5 minimum bet table, which has 2 decks, re-splitting aces, 3:2 blackjack payouts, and a 0.40% house edge. The $3 tables offer 2 decks, 3:2 blackjack payouts, no re-splitting aces, and a 0.64% house edge.
You want to avoid the single-deck tables because they have 6:5 blackjack payouts and a 1.70% house advantage.
The craps tables fall in line with the best low roller casinos because minimum bets are $3 and you can take 10x odds.
The roulette minimum stakes are $4, while the Pai Gow poker tables require a $5 minimum bet.7 – Arizona Charlie’s – 4575 Boulder HighwayElectronic Craps Machine Odds Genesis Open
Arizona Charlie’s is a close rival to El Cortez when it comes to $5 blackjack games.
They have a double-deck game with 3:2 blackjack payouts, double down on any total and double down after splitting. These $5 tables feature a 0.34% house edge.
The craps game is another reason to play here because it features $5 minimum bets and up to 10x odds.
Be sure to join the Ace Play rewards program if you play here. This loyalty plan features several tiers and cashback that increases along with your status.Conclusion
Las Vegas has been transitioning away from their reliance on gambling over the past decade. This means that most Vegas Strip casinos concentrate on their amenities, nightclubs, and restaurants first, then worry about the casino games.
But it’s nice to know that several casinos still value casino players, including the ones on a budget.
My favorite low roller establishment is definitely El Cortez because it offers the best low stakes blackjack and roulette action in Vegas. You can also look forward to plenty of comps, which only sweetens the deal.
Station Casinos has done an excellent job at creating a network of casinos that focus on gaming and low rollers.
You can always find good blackjack action at these casinos, while the craps is normally pretty good too. And the best part is that you can sign up for their rewards program and pick up comps at every Station Casinos venue.
As covered earlier, Red Rock is definitely the best option for those who want low stakes combined with the features of a largescale resort.
Also, keep Arizona Charlie’s Boulder and East Cannery in mind when looking to stretch your bankroll.U.S. Accepted. Bovada Casino is one of the best US brands available today and they offer great game selection and excellent promotions for players.Related
*Appendices
*Slots Analysis
*MiscellaneousIntroduction
The following table ranks the Las Vegas casinos according to the looseness of their video display reeled nickel slot machines. The returns are based on a sampling of five different types of machines. The data collected goes back as far as October 2001 so the information is a bit dated.Las Vegas 5 Cent Slot SurveyRankCasinoAverage Return1Palms93.42%2Gold Coast92.84%3Sahara92.81%4 (tie)Bourbon Street92.63%4 (tie)Imperial Palace92.63%4 (tie)Slots a Fun92.63%7Key Largo92.60%8Western92.57%9Ellis Island92.56%10El Cortez92.56%11Orleans92.56%12Circus Circus92.56%13Gold Spike92.55%14Fitzgeralds92.54%15Fiesta - Rancho92.53%16Arizona Charlie’s East92.51%17Barbary Coast92.50%18Terrible’s92.49%19Arizona Charlie’s92.49%20Hard Rock92.47%21Town Hall92.47%22Longhorn92.47%23Riviera92.23%24California92.14%25Lady Luck92.10%26Nevada Palace92.06%27Plaza91.94%28Luxor91.92%29Paris91.92%30San Remo91.88%31Excalibur91.84%32Palace Station91.84%33Ballys91.82%34Las Vegas Club91.76%35Four Queens91.75%36Texas Station91.71%37Casino Royale91.67%38Boulder Station91.55%39Aladdin91.5%40O’sheas91.48%41Hilton91.40%42Boardwalk91.28%43New York New York90.99%44Horseshoe90.96%45Sam’s Town90.89%46Santa Fe Station90.87%47Flamingo90.86%48Golden Nugget90.85%49Stratosphere90.8%50Tropicana90.71%51Golden Gate90.64%52Silverton90.57%53Main Street Station90.56%54Westward Ho90.40%55Fremont90.37%56Castaways90.36%57Monte Carlo90.24%58Stardust89.97%59Frontier89.91%60MGM Grand89.81%61Harrahs89.32%62Treasure Island89.32%63Mirage89.3%64Caesars Palace89.05%65Mandalay Bay88.87%66Rio88.72%67La Bayou88.26%68Mermaids88.26%69Bellagio87.42%70Venetian86.66%71Airport85.02%Excluded CasinosElectronic Craps Machine Odds Game
The Suncoast and Rampart Casino in Summerlin do not allow playing slots and taking notes at the same time. I can not include any casino that prohibits the method in which I gather data.Location Averages
The next table shows the average return by location.Returns by RegionLocationAverage ReturnOff strip92.07%Downtown91.66%Strip91.47%Total91.74%
The above sign can be found across the street from the Palms. Although I did the study Anthony Curtis published it in the LasVegas Advisor, which is how it become well known. The’...’ in the sign encompases quite a bit of information,which was conveniently left off the sign. Actually the study only says that the Palms had the lowest nickel video slotsof the casinos surveyed in Las Vegas. The small print at thebottom says, ’Independent study conducted between November2001-February 2002 on Austin Powers, Fortune Cookie, Reel’em In, and Wheel of Fortune games. They left off LeopardSpots, and the study began in October.Observations
There seemed to be no truth behind slot placement myths. Machines on the end of a bank did no better on average than those in the middle. There was also no correlation between return and proximity to such things as the main door, table game pit, high traffic areas, and low traffic areas.
Most casinos were very consistent in their slot returns.If one nickel machine had a return of x% then all others like it also returned x%. However some casinos did mix up loose and tight machines, most notably Treasure Island and the California casinos.Methodology
A kind and anonymous source provided me with par sheets for the games in question. The EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory) chip is what tells the machine the order of the symbols on the reel, in some cases how the stops are weighted, how much each winning combination pays, and any other pertinent information about how much the machine pays.It is up to the slot manager to select which EPROM chip to order according to the return percentage desired. On atypical game there might be about 8 different possible return percentages, ranging from about 85% to 98%.
Each of the different par sheets has five sets of distinct reels. On video display slots the stops are not weighted; in other words all stops are equally likely. The distribution of each symbol on each reel is what determines the theoretical return of the machine. For example a higher paying machine may have more of the higher paying symbols.
On the machine itself three consecutive symbols arevisible on five different reels. By comparing actualobservations of results to the par sheets it is possible todetermine which reels the machine uses, and thus which par sheet and which return. There are various three-symbol combinations that appear in at least one but not all par sheets. So if one of these combinations occurs on an actualmachine it narrows down the possible par sheets. By playingenough the player can narrow down the possible par sheets tojust one.
To help identify the unique combinations I wrote a computer program for each game, which had the exact reel order of all 5 reels of all the par sheets. The program then counted the number of par sheets with each possible three-symbol combination. If the number was greater than 0 and less than the maximum then that combination was identified along with the associated par sheets it belonged to.
It is then a matter of simply playing the game and comparing the outcomes to the list of partially unique combinations. It only takes about 5-10 plays per machine to narrow down the possibilities to just one par sheet.
The averages in the table are actually an average of averages. For each kind of machine at each casino I took an average return. Then I took the average of these averages over the five kinds of machines I tested for.Slot Machine Definition
There is some confusion about what constitutes a ’slot machine’ or ’slot.’ My definition, and that of most gamblers, is a gambling machine with either actual spinning reels or video representations of the them.
People in the gaming business and regulators generally refer to a slot machine as any gambling machine, including reeled slots, video poker, video keno, video blackjack,etc.. For purposes of statistics both casino managers and regulators combine all the electronic gambling machines together. For example, the Slot Chart in Casino Player magazine and reports by the Nevada Gaming Control Board do not isolate just reeled slots but consider all electronic games a ’slot.’ Therefore my return percentages should not be expected to agree with those reported by the casinos or regulators. As far as I know mine is the only source to isolate just the return of reeled slots.Acknowledgements
I would like to thank Rob Feldheim for helping with the slot play and record keeping. Rob helped me with most of the casinos on the east side of town and part of downtown. I would also like to thank par Sheet Pete (not his real name)for providing the par sheets, without which this project would not have been possible.Internal Links
Go to slot machine appendix3B (Jean/Primm slot returns). Go to slot machine appendix 3D(Henderson slot returns). Go to slot machine appendix 3E(Las Vegas quarter and dollar slot returns). Go to slot machine appendix 3F(Montreal slot return). Go back to slot machines.External Links
The main-stream media has covered this study in depth. Here are links to some articles.
*Turning’em loose, an article that appeared in the Las VegasReview Journal on May 19, 2002, about the possible effectsof this study.
*One-Armed Bandit or Robin Hood?, an article by myself for Contingencies Magazine explaining the methodology, results, and weaknesses of the study.
*Play by the rules and the one-armed bandits will still win. Boston Globe article about slot machines, in which my Las Vegas survey is mentioned and my advice quoted. (cache)Written by: Michael Shackleford
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Las Vegas isn’t filled with as many low stakes tables these days, nor do they hand out as many comps. It really is a shame because even low rollers should be able to find places to play.
*Electronic Craps Machine Odds Nfl Week 11
*Electronic Craps Machine Odds Genesis Open
*Electronic Craps Machine Odds GameElectronic Craps Machine Odds Nfl Week 11
*You can also enjoy an electronic craps game that features $1 minimum bets and 5x odds. This is great for machine players who want to experience craps away from the table atmosphere. Here are minimum stakes for other games at Santa Fe Station: Baccarat = $10.
*The Palms has either $2 or $3 min with I believe 10x odds and I know Binions has one in the back which is a $1 min but only 2x odds. The nice thing about Binions is that you earn comps at the same rate as slot machines for playing, so you can easily play pass and dont pass, take max evening odds on both, and as soon as a 7 or the point is hit.
This is discouraging to many low rollers. But there are still several casinos that offer low stakes and solid comps.
The Odds is like a side bet in craps made after a point is thrown. It pays if the point is thrown before a seven. The odds on the Odds are exactly fair, which zero house edge. To be specific, the Odds pays 2 to 1 on points of 4 and 10, 3 to 2 on a 5 and 9, and 6 to 5 on a 6 and 8. Therefore the chance of hitting five cherries in a row is 1/5 x 1/5 x 1/5 x 1/5 x 1/5, or 1/3125, or 0.032%. Your odds of winning are better than this, as you can hit five bells, five whistles or five of any other set of symbols, so on this machine your odds of any set of five are actually 5 x 0.032%, or 0.16%. Bubble Craps Machine Strategy is part of the Dice Advice series here on Color Up. This submitted strategy is called the Place Hedge. It is a 10 unit Don’t Pa.
Vegas casinos know that low rollers comprise the bulk of gamblers. In fact, research by the Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Authority shows that Sin City visitors have an average bankroll of $541.
That being said, plenty of casinos in Las Vegas still cater to the low roller. And here are the 7 best Vegas casinos for those on a budget.1 – El Cortez – 600 Fremont Street
El Cortez has become Vegas’ low roller mecca for three reasons:
1 – They have great blackjack.
2 – They have great craps.
3 – Their comps are very generous for low rollers.
You won’t be wowed by the appearance of this casino. But you’ll certainly appreciate the three points mentioned above.
El Cortez has $5 blackjack tables that feature a single deck, 3:2 natural blackjack payouts, and doubling down on any total.
These rules combine to offer an ultra-low 0.30% house edge, which is rare in Vegas – especially when dealing with a $5 game! Just don’t expect to count cards here because the pit bosses watch these tables like hawks.
El Cortez is just as generous with their craps action, where minimum bets are $3. You can back pass line and don’t pass line bets with up to 10x odds, which lowers the house edge to 0.184%.
It is also worth dropping by the El Cortez roulette tables. The minimum bet is $1.
Normally, casinos with low stakes offer next to nothing in comps. But El Cortez again proves to be an anomaly by offering generous rewards through Club Cortez.2 – Boulder Station – 4111 Boulder Highway
Boulder Station is a great all-around low roller destination. Not only do they offer low stakes table games, but also generous payback and comps for machines.
You can play a $3 blackjack game here, which features 6 decks, 3:2 blackjack payouts, and the dealer hitting a soft 17. The house edge is 0.64% at the $3 tables.
The $5 game features 2 decks, 3:2 blackjack payouts, the dealer standing on a soft 17, and late surrender. These rules combine to deliver a 0.40% house edge.
Boulder Station also features the same craps game as El Cortez, where minimum bets are $3 and you can take up to 10x odds.
Where this casino really separates itself is in the video poker department. They have full-pay versions of Deuces Wild (100.76% payback), Joker Wild (100.65%), Double Bonus (100.17%), Loose Deuces Wild (100.15%), and Double Double Bonus (100.07%).
The Station Casinos loyalty program is one of the best in Vegas. It offers 3 points for every $1 wagered on most video poker and slot machines, giving you a 0.30% rebate.
Do note, though, that any machine with over 100% payback only delivers 1 point per $4 wagered.
Boulder Station is a serious rival to El Cortez in the lower roller world. The only areas where Boulder Station trails include the baccarat ($5 minimum) and roulette ($4 minimum) tables.3 – Santa Fe Station – 4949 North Rancho Drive
Santa Fe Station offers a nice mixture of low stakes table games, including blackjack, craps, roulette, and Pai Gow poker.
The blackjack tables feature $5 minimum bets, 2 decks, 3:2 blackjack payouts, the dealer hitting a soft 17, and re-splitting aces. This game features a 0.46% house edge, which is close to the top tables at El Cortez and Boulder Station.
The craps games here feature 10x odds and a $5 minimum wager.
You can also enjoy an electronic craps game that features $1 minimum bets and 5x odds. This is great for machine players who want to experience craps away from the table atmosphere.
Here are minimum stakes for other games at Santa Fe Station:
*Baccarat = $10
*Pai Gow poker = $5
*Roulette = $4
*Three card poker = $5
*Ultimate Texas Hold’em = $5
Santa Fe is part of the Stations Casino network. This means that you can enjoy the same generous loyalty program described in the Boulder Station section.
You can also look forward to the same full-pay video poker machines that are featured at Boulder Station.4 – East Cannery – 5255 Boulder Highway
Easy Cannery is a solid off-Strip casino that offers decent blackjack and craps action.
The minimum blackjack bet is $5, and these tables feature 2 decks, double down on any total, and double down after splitting. The house edge is 0.46% on East Cannery’s $5 blackjack tables.
The craps tables feature a $3 minimum bet with 10x odds, which is the standard for top low roller casinos.
Pai Gow poker players will appreciate the EZ no-commission tables here. These games feature a 2.47% house edge, which is about as good as you’ll find for Pai Gow poker.
The video poker and slot machine action is okay, but nothing to boast about. However, the table game rules and house edges make East Cannery worth a visit.5 – Red Rock Casino – 11011 West Charleston Boulevard
Red Rock is the most-luxurious casino on this list. It features a number of amenities, including a dozen restaurants, 16-screen Movie Theater, giant pool area, and nearby hiking trails.
They aren’t quite as generous with their low stakes gaming action as other Station Casinos properties. But Red Rock offers a nice combination of amenities and low stakes play.
If you don’t mind being away from the Vegas Strip, then Red Rock is definitely worth visiting for resort-minded low rollers.
Red Rock offers a $10 blackjack game with 2 decks, double down on any total, and double down after splitting. These tables feature a 0.46% house edge.
The video poker machines are very good at Red Rock. You can look forward to full-pay versions of Deuces Wild, Double Bonus, Loose Deuces, and Double Double Bonus. You won’t find a high-class resort with better video poker action.
This casino also features a poker room with $2/$4 no-limit Texas hold’em and $5/$10 Omaha.
The craps and roulette tables are okay in terms of minimum bets. But the craps tables only offer up to 5x odds.6 – Texas Station – 2101 Texas Star Lane
Texas Station is the fourth Station Casinos-owned venue to make this list. And Texas Station is here because they offer good low roller blackjack, craps, roulette, and video poker.
This casino features three different blackjack games.
The best is the $5 minimum bet table, which has 2 decks, re-splitting aces, 3:2 blackjack payouts, and a 0.40% house edge. The $3 tables offer 2 decks, 3:2 blackjack payouts, no re-splitting aces, and a 0.64% house edge.
You want to avoid the single-deck tables because they have 6:5 blackjack payouts and a 1.70% house advantage.
The craps tables fall in line with the best low roller casinos because minimum bets are $3 and you can take 10x odds.
The roulette minimum stakes are $4, while the Pai Gow poker tables require a $5 minimum bet.7 – Arizona Charlie’s – 4575 Boulder HighwayElectronic Craps Machine Odds Genesis Open
Arizona Charlie’s is a close rival to El Cortez when it comes to $5 blackjack games.
They have a double-deck game with 3:2 blackjack payouts, double down on any total and double down after splitting. These $5 tables feature a 0.34% house edge.
The craps game is another reason to play here because it features $5 minimum bets and up to 10x odds.
Be sure to join the Ace Play rewards program if you play here. This loyalty plan features several tiers and cashback that increases along with your status.Conclusion
Las Vegas has been transitioning away from their reliance on gambling over the past decade. This means that most Vegas Strip casinos concentrate on their amenities, nightclubs, and restaurants first, then worry about the casino games.
But it’s nice to know that several casinos still value casino players, including the ones on a budget.
My favorite low roller establishment is definitely El Cortez because it offers the best low stakes blackjack and roulette action in Vegas. You can also look forward to plenty of comps, which only sweetens the deal.
Station Casinos has done an excellent job at creating a network of casinos that focus on gaming and low rollers.
You can always find good blackjack action at these casinos, while the craps is normally pretty good too. And the best part is that you can sign up for their rewards program and pick up comps at every Station Casinos venue.
As covered earlier, Red Rock is definitely the best option for those who want low stakes combined with the features of a largescale resort.
Also, keep Arizona Charlie’s Boulder and East Cannery in mind when looking to stretch your bankroll.U.S. Accepted. Bovada Casino is one of the best US brands available today and they offer great game selection and excellent promotions for players.Related
*Appendices
*Slots Analysis
*MiscellaneousIntroduction
The following table ranks the Las Vegas casinos according to the looseness of their video display reeled nickel slot machines. The returns are based on a sampling of five different types of machines. The data collected goes back as far as October 2001 so the information is a bit dated.Las Vegas 5 Cent Slot SurveyRankCasinoAverage Return1Palms93.42%2Gold Coast92.84%3Sahara92.81%4 (tie)Bourbon Street92.63%4 (tie)Imperial Palace92.63%4 (tie)Slots a Fun92.63%7Key Largo92.60%8Western92.57%9Ellis Island92.56%10El Cortez92.56%11Orleans92.56%12Circus Circus92.56%13Gold Spike92.55%14Fitzgeralds92.54%15Fiesta - Rancho92.53%16Arizona Charlie’s East92.51%17Barbary Coast92.50%18Terrible’s92.49%19Arizona Charlie’s92.49%20Hard Rock92.47%21Town Hall92.47%22Longhorn92.47%23Riviera92.23%24California92.14%25Lady Luck92.10%26Nevada Palace92.06%27Plaza91.94%28Luxor91.92%29Paris91.92%30San Remo91.88%31Excalibur91.84%32Palace Station91.84%33Ballys91.82%34Las Vegas Club91.76%35Four Queens91.75%36Texas Station91.71%37Casino Royale91.67%38Boulder Station91.55%39Aladdin91.5%40O’sheas91.48%41Hilton91.40%42Boardwalk91.28%43New York New York90.99%44Horseshoe90.96%45Sam’s Town90.89%46Santa Fe Station90.87%47Flamingo90.86%48Golden Nugget90.85%49Stratosphere90.8%50Tropicana90.71%51Golden Gate90.64%52Silverton90.57%53Main Street Station90.56%54Westward Ho90.40%55Fremont90.37%56Castaways90.36%57Monte Carlo90.24%58Stardust89.97%59Frontier89.91%60MGM Grand89.81%61Harrahs89.32%62Treasure Island89.32%63Mirage89.3%64Caesars Palace89.05%65Mandalay Bay88.87%66Rio88.72%67La Bayou88.26%68Mermaids88.26%69Bellagio87.42%70Venetian86.66%71Airport85.02%Excluded CasinosElectronic Craps Machine Odds Game
The Suncoast and Rampart Casino in Summerlin do not allow playing slots and taking notes at the same time. I can not include any casino that prohibits the method in which I gather data.Location Averages
The next table shows the average return by location.Returns by RegionLocationAverage ReturnOff strip92.07%Downtown91.66%Strip91.47%Total91.74%
The above sign can be found across the street from the Palms. Although I did the study Anthony Curtis published it in the LasVegas Advisor, which is how it become well known. The’...’ in the sign encompases quite a bit of information,which was conveniently left off the sign. Actually the study only says that the Palms had the lowest nickel video slotsof the casinos surveyed in Las Vegas. The small print at thebottom says, ’Independent study conducted between November2001-February 2002 on Austin Powers, Fortune Cookie, Reel’em In, and Wheel of Fortune games. They left off LeopardSpots, and the study began in October.Observations
There seemed to be no truth behind slot placement myths. Machines on the end of a bank did no better on average than those in the middle. There was also no correlation between return and proximity to such things as the main door, table game pit, high traffic areas, and low traffic areas.
Most casinos were very consistent in their slot returns.If one nickel machine had a return of x% then all others like it also returned x%. However some casinos did mix up loose and tight machines, most notably Treasure Island and the California casinos.Methodology
A kind and anonymous source provided me with par sheets for the games in question. The EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory) chip is what tells the machine the order of the symbols on the reel, in some cases how the stops are weighted, how much each winning combination pays, and any other pertinent information about how much the machine pays.It is up to the slot manager to select which EPROM chip to order according to the return percentage desired. On atypical game there might be about 8 different possible return percentages, ranging from about 85% to 98%.
Each of the different par sheets has five sets of distinct reels. On video display slots the stops are not weighted; in other words all stops are equally likely. The distribution of each symbol on each reel is what determines the theoretical return of the machine. For example a higher paying machine may have more of the higher paying symbols.
On the machine itself three consecutive symbols arevisible on five different reels. By comparing actualobservations of results to the par sheets it is possible todetermine which reels the machine uses, and thus which par sheet and which return. There are various three-symbol combinations that appear in at least one but not all par sheets. So if one of these combinations occurs on an actualmachine it narrows down the possible par sheets. By playingenough the player can narrow down the possible par sheets tojust one.
To help identify the unique combinations I wrote a computer program for each game, which had the exact reel order of all 5 reels of all the par sheets. The program then counted the number of par sheets with each possible three-symbol combination. If the number was greater than 0 and less than the maximum then that combination was identified along with the associated par sheets it belonged to.
It is then a matter of simply playing the game and comparing the outcomes to the list of partially unique combinations. It only takes about 5-10 plays per machine to narrow down the possibilities to just one par sheet.
The averages in the table are actually an average of averages. For each kind of machine at each casino I took an average return. Then I took the average of these averages over the five kinds of machines I tested for.Slot Machine Definition
There is some confusion about what constitutes a ’slot machine’ or ’slot.’ My definition, and that of most gamblers, is a gambling machine with either actual spinning reels or video representations of the them.
People in the gaming business and regulators generally refer to a slot machine as any gambling machine, including reeled slots, video poker, video keno, video blackjack,etc.. For purposes of statistics both casino managers and regulators combine all the electronic gambling machines together. For example, the Slot Chart in Casino Player magazine and reports by the Nevada Gaming Control Board do not isolate just reeled slots but consider all electronic games a ’slot.’ Therefore my return percentages should not be expected to agree with those reported by the casinos or regulators. As far as I know mine is the only source to isolate just the return of reeled slots.Acknowledgements
I would like to thank Rob Feldheim for helping with the slot play and record keeping. Rob helped me with most of the casinos on the east side of town and part of downtown. I would also like to thank par Sheet Pete (not his real name)for providing the par sheets, without which this project would not have been possible.Internal Links
Go to slot machine appendix3B (Jean/Primm slot returns). Go to slot machine appendix 3D(Henderson slot returns). Go to slot machine appendix 3E(Las Vegas quarter and dollar slot returns). Go to slot machine appendix 3F(Montreal slot return). Go back to slot machines.External Links
The main-stream media has covered this study in depth. Here are links to some articles.
*Turning’em loose, an article that appeared in the Las VegasReview Journal on May 19, 2002, about the possible effectsof this study.
*One-Armed Bandit or Robin Hood?, an article by myself for Contingencies Magazine explaining the methodology, results, and weaknesses of the study.
*Play by the rules and the one-armed bandits will still win. Boston Globe article about slot machines, in which my Las Vegas survey is mentioned and my advice quoted. (cache)Written by: Michael Shackleford
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